Although Hofstede’s dimensions for assessing cultural distance are extensively used in the literature, several researchers (McSweeney, 2002; Shenkar, 2001; Smith et al., 2002) have criticized Hofstede's dimensions as being derived from old data, lacking generalisability and being too condensed to capture culture. In their review of culture and international business scholarship, Leung et al. (2005) call for implementing more recent models of cultural dimensions.