第2个回答 2009-01-30
以下来自金山词霸：
solid, firm, and rigid; not easily broken, bent, or pierced
坚实的；牢固的；坚硬的
a hard mattress.
硬垫子。
rub the varnish down when it's hard.
等清漆硬了以后把它磨平。
■(of a person) not showing any signs of weakness; tough.
（人）坚强的；能力强的；能应付困境的
only a handful are hard enough to join the SAS.
只有屈指可数的几个够坚强的人可以加入英国特种航空队。
■(of information) reliable, especially because based on something true or substantiated.
（信息，资料）可靠的；确凿无疑的；真实的
hard facts about the underclass are maddeningly elusive.
有关下层阶级的真实情况令人恼火地难以捉摸。
■(of a subject of study) dealing with precise and verifiable facts.
（学科）实证的，硬的
efforts to turn psychology into hard science.
把心理学变成硬科学的努力。
■(of a consonant) pronounced as a velar plosive (as c in cat, g in go).
（辅音）软腭爆破音（如cat中的c, go中的g）
■(of prices of shares, commodities, etc.) high and stable; firm.
（股票价格，商品价格）稳健的
■(of science fiction) scientifically accurate rather than purely fantastic or whimsical.
（科幻小说）具有科学准确性（而非纯粹幻想或离奇古怪）的，硬（科幻）的
a hard SF novel.
硬科幻小说。
requiring a great deal of endurance or physical or mental effort
艰苦的，艰难的
airship-flying was pretty hard work.
飞船航行是很艰苦的工作。
she found it hard to believe that he could be involved.
她很难相信他竟会卷入其中。
■putting a lot of energy into an activity.
努力的
he'd been a hard worker all his life.
他一辈子努力工作。
everyone has been hard at work.
所有的人都努力工作。
■difficult to bear; causing suffering.
难以承受的；艰苦的
times were hard at the end of the war.
战争结束后生活十分艰苦。
he'd had a hard life.
他一生艰辛。
■not showing sympathy or affection; strict.
冷酷无情的；严格的
he can be such a hard taskmaster.
他就会是这么一个冷酷的工头。
■denoting an extreme or dogmatic faction within a political party.
（政党内部派别）极端的；固执己见的
the hard left.
极左派。
■(of a season or the weather) severe.
（季节，天气）严酷的；凛冽的
it's been a long, hard winter.
漫长而严酷的冬天。
■harsh or unpleasant to the senses.
（感觉上）难受的；刺目的；刺耳的；令人不快的
the hard light of morning.
上午刺目的强光。
■(of wine) harsh or sharp to the taste, especially because of tannin.
（尤指葡萄酒因含有单宁酸而）苦涩的；烈的
done with a great deal of force or strength
猛烈的，沉重的
a hard whack.
重击。
very potent, powerful, or intense, in particular
有力的，强烈的，尤指
■(of liquor) strongly alcoholic; spirit rather than beer or wine.
（烈性酒）烈性强的，度数高的（指烈酒而非啤酒或葡萄酒）
■(of a drug) potent and addictive.
（毒品）毒性强的；易上瘾的
■(of water) containing mineral salts that make lathering difficult.
（水）含无机盐的
■(of radiation) highly penetrating.
（辐射）穿透力强的
■(of pornography) highly obscene and explicit.
（色情作品）淫秽的；极黄色的
adverb
with a great deal of effort
努力地
they work hard at school.
他们在学校努力学习。
■with a great deal of force; violently.
猛烈地
it was raining hard.
雨下得很大。
so as to be solid or firm
变坚硬地
the mortar has set hard.
灰泥已经变干硬了。
to the fullest extent possible
在最大程度上；满满地；完全的
put the wheel hard over to starboard.
右满舵。
noun
(Brit.)a road leading down across a foreshore
(英)海滩路
习惯用语
be hard on
treat or criticize (someone) severely
严厉对待；苛待；苛责
you're being too hard on her.
你对她太严厉了。
be difficult for or unfair to
使受苦；对…不公平
I think the war must have been hard on her.
我想战争一定使她吃了不少苦。
be likely to hurt or damage
对…有害
the monitor flickers, which is hard on the eyes.
显示器闪烁不定，这对眼睛有害。
be hard put (to it)
[usu. with infinitive]find it very difficult
觉得…很难；很难做到
you'll be hard put to find a better compromise.
你很难找到比这更好的折衷办法。
give someone a hard time
(informal)deliberately make a situation difficult for someone
(非正式)有意为难某人
go hard with
(dated)turn out to (someone's) disadvantage
(旧)对…不利
it would go hard with the poor.
这会对穷人不利。
hard and fast
[usu. with negative](of a rule or a distinction made) fixed and definitive
（规则，差别）不可更动的；无法改变的
hard as nails
见 nail.
hard at it
(informal)busily working or occupied
(非正式)忙得不可开交
they were hard at it with brooms and mops.
他们忙着用扫帚和拖把打扫卫生。
hard by
close to
靠近
he lived hard by the cathedral.
他住得离大教堂很近。
hard done by
(Brit.)harshly or unfairly treated
(英)被虐待；受到不公平对待
she would be justified in feeling hard done by.
要是她觉得受到了虐待，这完全有道理。
hard feelings
[usu. with negative]feelings of resentment
怨恨
there are no hard feelings and we wish him well.
我们一点不怨恨，我们希望他好。
hard going
difficult to understand or enjoy
难理解的，难懂的；缺少乐趣的
the studying is at times hard going.
研究有时是很困难的。
hard hit
badly affected
受到严重影响，受到严重打击
Trinidad had been hard hit by falling oil prices.
特立尼达受到石油价格下跌的严重打击。
hard luck (或 lines)
(Brit. informal)used to express sympathy or commiserations
(英，非正式)[用于表示同情、怜悯、遗憾、可惜]真可惜；真遗憾
if you don't like it then hard luck.
如果你不喜欢它，那真是可惜。
a hard nut to crack
(informal)a person or thing that is difficult to understand or influence
(非正式)棘手之人（或事）
hard of hearing
not able to hear well
听不清楚
hard on ( 或 upon)
close to; following soon after
紧跟着
hard on the heels of Wimbledon comes the Henley Regatta.
温布尔登网球赛之后紧跟着就是亨里赛舟会。
hard up
(informal)short of money
(非正式)没钱，手头紧
I'm too hard up to buy fancy clothes.
我手头太紧，买不起漂亮的衣服。
the hard way
through suffering or learning from the unpleasant consequences of mistakes
来之不易
his reputation was earned the hard way.
他的盛名来之不易。
play hard to get
(informal)deliberately adopt an aloof or uninterested attitude, typically in order to make oneself more attractive or interesting
(非正式)（为吸引对方而）故作冷漠；故作不感兴趣
put the hard word on
(Austral./NZ informal)ask a favour of (someone), especially a sexual or financial one
(澳/新，非正式)（尤指在性或金钱上）提出要求
■put pressure on (someone).
向…施压
派生
hardish
adjective
hardness
noun
语源
Old English hard, heard, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch hard and German hart.
简明英汉词典
hard
D.J.[hɑ:d]
K.K.[hɑrd]
adj.
硬的, 坚实的, 坚固的
The stone is hard to the touch.
这石头很硬。
This candy is so hard that no one can chew it.
这种糖太硬, 没人嚼得动。
困难的, 难懂的
Is English a hard language to learn?
英语是一种难学的语言吗?
The book is so hard that I cannot read it at all.
这本书太难了, 我一点儿也读不懂。
辛苦的, 努力的
He earned a bare living by his hard work.
他辛辛苦苦地工作仅够糊口。
有力的, 猛烈的
铁石心肠的, 冷酷无情的, 严厉的
Good sports records come from hard training.
良好的运动成绩是靠严格训练取得的。
adv.
努力地
The young man worked very hard and soon began to get ahead.
那个年轻人很勤奋, 他的事业很快有了进展。
艰难地
严重地, 猛烈地
It's raining harder than ever.
雨下得比以前更大了。
现代英汉综合大辞典
hard
[hɑ:d]
adj.
坚固的, 硬的; 固体的
结实的, 紧的
艰苦的; 难于对付的
厉害的, 严酷的; 强烈的
(身体)健壮的; (组织等)健全的
难以忍受的; 艰辛的
激烈的, 猛烈的
苛刻的
(人等)冷酷的, 刻薄的
(食物等)粗糙的, 发酸的
【语】发硬音的
(市价等)稳定的
确实的, 不容怀疑的
(钱币)金属制的; (币制)可兑换成金子的
(水等)含无机盐的
(酒)烈性的
(声音等)刺耳的; (颜色等)刺眼的
恶性难改的
防原子的 ⑵⑽反差强的 ⑵
有抗性的 ⑵
有硬封皮的 ⑵
硬X射线管的 ⑵
(导弹设施等)有坚固掩护工事的 ⑵
(导弹)可以从地下发射井发射的 ⑵
(太空船的着落)撞毁的 ⑵
(火箭)着地时速度在每小时100-300英里之间的
as hard as rock
坚如盘石
be sentenced to two years' hard labour
被判处服两年苦役
a hard father
严父
a hard liquor
[美]烈性酒
hard words
难于入耳的话
Times are hard.
时世艰难。
Hard words break no bones.
[谚]直言无害。
词性变化
hard
adv.
努力, 使劲, 拼命地
厉害地, 猛烈地
紧紧地, 靠近
艰苦地
[美口]非常, 极
(煮得)老
swim hard
快游
look [gaze, stare] hard at sb.
死死盯住某人
hard
n.
[英]硬海滩, 登陆处
[英俚](囚犯的)强迫劳役
hard alee
【航海】驶船向上风的命令
hard all
全力以赴
Hard aport!
【航海】(驶船向右的命令)左满舵!
Hard astarboard!
【航海】右满舵!
aweather!
(=Hard up!)【航海】转舵挡风!
继承用法
hardback
[ˈhɑ:dbæk]
n.
硬皮书
词性变化
hard
adj.
硬皮的
hardbake
[ˈhɑ:dbeɪk]
n.
[英](用糖和杏仁制成的)点心
hard-baked
adj.
烤干的, 烤得过头的
hardball
[ˈhɑ:dbɔ:l]
n.
硬式棒球
hard-bitten
adj.
咬起来凶狠的; 顽强的; 受过战争锻炼的
hardboard
[ˈhɑ:dbɔ:d]
n.
硬质纤维板
hard-boiled
[ˈhɑ:dˈbɔɪld]
adj.
(鸡蛋)煮得老的
(衣服等)浆硬的, 挺括的
无情的, 强硬的
hardbound
[ˈhɑ:dˈbaʊnd]
adj.
(书籍)硬封面装订的
hard-core
adj.
长期失业需要救济的
(黄色作品)赤裸裸描写的
核心[中坚]分子的
harddrawn
adj.
【机】冷拉的, 冷抽的
hard-earned
[ˈhɑ:dˈɜ:nd]
adj.
凭血汗赚来的
hardfaced [favo(u)red,featured]
adj.
面貌严厉的; 其貌不扬的
hardfern
n.
硬羊齿植物
hard-grained
adj.
木理细密的, 坚硬的; (性格)固执的
hardhead
[ˈhɑ:dhed]
n.
精明而讲究实际的人
傻瓜
(头上多刺和多骨头的)硬头鱼(尤指锯�、步鱼等)
硬质巴比合金
难熔的矿石
hardheaded
[hɑ:dˈhedɪd]
adj.
冷静的; 精明而讲实际的
固执的
hardhearted
adj.
铁石心肠的
hard-land
[ˈhɑ:dlænd]
vi., vt.
(使)硬着陆
hardlanding
n.
(火箭)硬着陆
hardline
n.,adj.
强硬路线(的)
hardliner
n.
强硬路线者
hard-nosed
adj.
(狗等)嗅觉不灵的; [美]顽固的; 精明而讲究实际的
hard-of-hearing
n.
耳背, 有点聋
hardometer
n.
硬度计
hard-sell
[ˈhɑ:dˈsel]
adj.
硬性推销的
hard-set
[ˈhɑ:dˈset]
adj.
窘迫的; 安放牢固的; 坚硬的; 顽固的; (鸡蛋)将要孵化的; (人)空腹的
hard-shelled
adj.
硬壳的; [美俚]坚持己见的, 顽固的
hardshower
n.
硬射流
hard-spun
[ˈhɑ:dspʌn]
adj.
(纱线的)紧拈的
hardstand
[ˈhɑ:dstænd]
n.
停机坪; 停车场
hard-surface
vt.
在...上铺硬质路面
hardtack
n.
硬饼干
hardtail
n.
骡子
hardtop
n.
金属顶盖式汽车
hard-top
n.
有硬质路面的地区[道路]
vt.
给...铺硬质地面
hard-up
adj.
[口]缺少; 急需
hardwater
n.
硬水
hard-wearing
adj.
耐穿的
hard-won
adj.
辛苦得来的
hardworked
adj.
累透的
陈腐的
hardworking
adj.
勤勉的
hardwrought
adj.
冷锻的
hardish
adj.
较硬的
习惯用语
hard as nails
铁石心肠; 冷酷无情
as hard as nails
铁石心肠; 冷酷无情
hard as the nether mill stone
铁石心肠; 冷酷无情
as hard as the nether mill stone
铁石心肠; 冷酷无情
be hard done by
受到不公平待遇
be hard hit
受到严重打击(经济上损失或失去亲人等)
be hard on
接近, 紧跟着; 使...难堪; 磨得历害
be hard upon
接近, 紧跟着; 使...难堪; 磨得历害
be hard pressed
被逼得很紧, 处于无奈; 被追击
be hard put to it
(做某事)有很大困难; 正在为难, 不知所措
be hard put to do sth.
(做某事)有很大困难; 正在为难, 不知所措
be hard up against it
[美口]处境很难; 面临 种种困难
have it hard
[美口]处境很难; 面临 种种困难
bear hard on
拼命压迫
die hard
(习惯等)不易改掉
follow hard after
紧紧跟着
go hard with sb.
使某人遭受不幸[痛苦]
go ill with sb.
使某人遭受不幸[痛苦]
play hard to get
假装(对某人某事)不感兴趣(以等待别人说服)
run sb. hard
紧追某人
take sth. hard
对某事耿耿于怀
try one's hard est
尽最大的努力
hard and fast
【航海】牢牢地(搁浅)
(=hard-and-fast)死板的; 硬性的(规则等), 不容变通的
hard and sharp
残忍, 苛薄
hard at it (=hard at work)
努力苦干; 非常忙碌
酗酒
hard by
在附近
在...近旁; 紧挨着
hard on
苛刻地对待(某人), 对(某人)要求过严
使(某人)感到困难[痛苦、不愉快]
迫近; 紧跟着
hard upon
苛刻地对待(某人), 对(某人)要求过严
使(某人)感到困难[痛苦、不愉快]
迫近; 紧跟着
hard over
[海]尽量靠一边
hard up
[口]经济困难; 缺钱
hard up for
[口]奇缺(某物)(指金钱以外的东西; 缺金钱仅用 hard up)
参考词汇
[同义词]
hard difficult ardous
意思都含“困难的”、“需费力的”。
hard是一般用语, 指“不易做的”、“不易处理的”、“难了解的”, 侧重“体力上的困难”, 如:
It's hard to say which is better.
很难说哪一个好些。
difficult 指“需要通过相当努力或一定的技艺、智慧、策略或勇气才能处理或解决的”, 侧重“智力上的困难”, 如:
a difficult situation
困难的形势。
ardous 指“需要努力的”、“艰巨的”, 如:
the ardous task ahead us
我们面前的艰巨任务。
[同义词]
easy
新牛津美语大词典
hard
[härd]
adjective
solid, firm, and resistant to pressure; not easily broken, bent, or pierced:
a hard mattress
ground frozen hard as a rock.
■(of a person) not showing any signs of weakness; tough:
the hard, tough, honest cop.
■(of information) reliable, esp. because based on something true or substantiated:
hard facts about the underclass are maddeningly elusive.
■(of a subject of study) dealing with precise and verifiable facts:
efforts to turn psychology into hard science.
■(of water) containing mineral salts that make lathering difficult.
■(of prices of stock, commodities, etc.) stable or firm in value.
■(of science fiction) scientifically accurate rather than purely fantastic or whimsical:
a hard SF novel.
■(of a consonant) pronounced as c in cat or g in go.
requiring a great deal of endurance or physical or mental effort:
stooping over all day was hard work
(with infinitive) she found it hard to believe that he could be involved.
■putting a lot of energy into an activity:
he'd been a hard worker all his life.
■difficult to bear; causing suffering:
times were hard at the end of the war
he'd had a hard life.
■not showing sympathy or affection; strict:
he can be such a hard taskmaster.
■(of a season or the weather) severe:
it's been a long, hard winter.
■harsh or unpleasant to the senses:
the hard light of morning.
■(of wine) harsh or sharp to the taste, esp. because of tannin.
done with a great deal of force or strength:
a hard blow to the head.
potent, powerful, or intense, in particular.
■(of liquor) strongly alcoholic; denoting distilled spirits rather than beer or wine.
■(of apple cider) having alcoholic content from fermentation.
■(of a drug) potent and addictive.
■denoting an extreme or dogmatic faction within a political party:
the hard left.
■(of radiation) highly penetrating.
■(of pornography) highly obscene and explicit.
adverb
with a great deal of effort:
they work hard at school.
■with a great deal of force; violently:
it was raining hard.
so as to be solid or firm:
the mortar has set hard.
to the fullest extent possible:
put the wheel hard over to starboard.
常用词组
be hard on
treat or criticize (someone) severely:
you're being too hard on her.
be difficult for or unfair to:
I think the war must have been hard on her.
be likely to hurt or damage:
the monitor flickers, which is hard on the eyes.
be hard put
(usu. with infinitive) find it very difficult:
you'll be hard put to find a better compromise.
give someone a hard time
(informal )deliberately make a situation difficult for someone.
go hard with
(dated )turn out to (someone's) disadvantage:
it would go hard with the poor.
hard and fast
(of a rule or a distinction made) fixed and definitive:
it is impossible to lay down any hard and fast rules.
hard as nails
see nail.
hard at it
(informal )busily working or occupied:
they were hard at it with brooms and mops.
hard by
close to:
he lived hard by the cathedral.
hard done by
(Brit. )harshly or unfairly treated:
she would be justified in feeling hard done by.
hard feelings
(usu. with negative) feelings of resentment:
there are no hard feelings}, and we wish him well.
hard going
difficult to understand or enjoy:
the studying is at times hard going.
hard hit
badly affected:
hard hit by falling oil prices.
a hard nut to crack
(informal )a person or thing that is difficult to understand or influence.
hard of hearing
not able to hear well.
hard on (or upon)
close to; following soon after:
we followed hard on their tracks.
hard up
(informal )short of money:
I'm too hard up to buy fancy clothes.
the hard way
through suffering or learning from the unpleasant consequences of mistakes:
his reputation was earned the hard way.
play hard to get
(informal )deliberately adopt an aloof or uninterested attitude, typically in order to make oneself more attractive or interesting.