①.besides除……以外(还包括),例如:Who else heard of it besides you? 除了你外还有谁听说过此事。Besides English, they also study math, physics and chemistry.除了英语以外,他们还学习数学,物理和化学。②.except除……以外(不包括),常与all,every,no, none, nothing 等含有整体肯定或否定意义的词连用。例如:He answered all the questions except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外,所有的问题他都回答了。 I went nowhere except to the library. 除了图书馆以外,我哪儿都没有去。I looked everywhere except here.除了这里外,我找遍了所有地方。③. apart from除 …之外, 根据上、下文的不同,它既可用作 besides, 也可用作 except 和 except for。例如: Apart from them, I had no one to talk to. (= except) 除了他们以外, 我没有人说话。 Apart from other considerations, time is also a factor. (=besides) 除了别的考虑之外,时间也是一个因素。 (It is) Good work apart from a few slight faults. (= except for) 除了几个小毛病以外,这是一篇佳作。 ④. in addition (to) 相当于besides.除……以外(还包括),加之。例如:He lost his job and in addition to that his wife left him.除了妻子离他而去外,他还失去了工作⑤. except for除 … 以外,和 except 不同的是: 与 except 连用的整体词常常是同类的,是指整体除去一部份; 而与 except for 连用的词往往不是同类的,是指整体中除去 一个细节。它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事。例如: Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除了几处拼写错误以外, 你的作文写得很好。 Except for an old lady, the bus was empty. 除了有一个老太太以外, 这辆公共汽车是空的。The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty.这个房间很阴冷,而且除了杰克,完全是空荡荡的。⑥.except that后面跟从句, 例如:He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days. 除了在过去几天里有些头痛之外,他身体一直很好。⑦.but:常可与 except互换,强调“不在其中”。例如:Everyone attended the meeting but Mary. 大家都出席了这次会议,但玛丽不在其列
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