The Olympics of Ancient Greece
Although records cannot verify games earlier than 776 B.C., the contests in Homer's Iliad indicate a much earlier competitive tradition. Held in honor of Zeus in the city of Olympia for four days every fourth summer, the Olympic games were the oldest and most prestigious of four great ancient Greek athletic festivals, which also included the Pythian games at Delphi, the Isthmian at Corinth, and the Nemean at Argos (the Panathenaea at Athens was also important). The Olympics reached their height in the 5th–4th cent. B.C.; thereafter they became more and more professionalized until, in the Roman period, they provoked much censure. They were eventually discontinued by Emperor Theodosius I of Rome, who condemned them as a pagan spectacle, at the end of the 4th cent. A.D.
Among the Greeks, the games were nationalistic in spirit; states were said to have been prouder of Olympic victories than of battles won. Women, foreigners, slaves, and dishonored persons were forbidden to compete. Contestants were required to train faithfully for 10 months before the games, had to remain 30 days under the eyes of officials in Elis, who had charge of the games, and had to take an oath that they had fulfilled the training requirements before participating. At first, the Olympic games were confined to running, but over time new events were added: the long run (720 B.C.), when the loincloth was abandoned and athletes began competing naked; the pentathlon, which combined running, the long jump, wrestling, and discus and spear throwing (708 B.C.); boxing (688 B.C.); chariot racing (680 B.C.); the pankration (648 B.C.), involving boxing and wrestling contests for boys (632 B.C.); and the foot race with armor (580 B.C.).
Greek women, forbidden not only to participate in but also to watch the Olympic games, held games of their own, called the Heraea. Those were also held every four years but had fewer events than the Olympics. Known to have been conducted as early as the 6th cent. B.C., the Heraea games were discontinued about the time the Romans conquered Greece. Winning was of prime importance in both male and female festivals. The winners of the Olympics (and of the Heraea) were crowned with chaplets of wild olive, and in their home city-states male champions were also awarded numerous honors, valuable gifts, and privileges.
The Modern Olympics
The modern revival of the Olympic games is due in a large measure to the efforts of Pierre, baron de Coubertin, of France. They were held, appropriately enough, in Athens in 1896, but that meeting and the ones that followed at Paris (1900) and at St. Louis (1904) were hampered by poor organization and the absence of worldwide representation. The first successful meet was held at London in 1908; since then the games have been held in cities throughout the world (see Sites of the Modern Olympic Games, table). World War I prevented the Olympic meeting of 1916, and World War II the 1940 and 1944 meetings. The number of entrants, competing nations, and events have increased steadily.
To the traditional events of track and field athletics, which include the decathlon and heptathlon, have been added a host of games and sports—archery, badminton, baseball and softball, basketball, boxing, canoeing and kayaking, cycling, diving, equestrian contests, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, judo and taekwondo, the modern pentathlon, rowing, sailing, shooting, soccer, swimming, table tennis, team (field) handball, tennis, trampoline, the triathlon, volleyball, water polo, weight lifting, and wrestling. Olympic events for women made their first appearance in 1912. A separate series of winter Olympic meets, inaugurated (1924) at Chamonix, France, now includes ice hockey, curling, bobsledding, luge, skeleton, and skiing, snowboarding, and skating events. Since 1994 the winter games have been held in even-numbered years in which the summer games are not contested. Until late in the 20th cent. the modern Olympics were open only to amateurs, but the governing bodies of several sports now permit professionals to compete as well.
As a visible focus of world energies, the Olympics have been prey to many factors that thwarted their ideals of world cooperation and athletic excellence. As in ancient Greece, nationalistic fervor has fostered intense rivalries that at times threatened the survival of the games. Although officially only individuals win Olympic medals, nations routinely assign political significance to the feats of their citizens and teams. Between 1952 and 1988 rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, rooted in mutual political antagonism, resulted in each boycotting games hosted by the other (Moscow, 1980; Los Angeles, 1984). Politics has influenced the Olympic games in other ways, from the propaganda of the Nazis in Berlin (1936) to pressures leading to the exclusion of white-ruled Rhodesia from the Munich games (1972). At Munich, nine Israeli athletes were kidnapped and murdered by Palestinian terrorists. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), which sets and enforces Olympic policy, has struggled with the licensing and commercialization of the games, the need to schedule events to accommodate American television networks (whose broadcasting fees help underwrite the games), and the monitoring of athletes who seek illegal competitive advantages, often through the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The IOC itself has also been the subject of controversy. In 1998 a scandal erupted with revelations that bribery and favoritism had played a role in the awarding of the 2002 Winter Games to Salt Lake City, Utah, and in the selection of some earlier venues. As a result, the IOC instituted a number of reforms including, in 1999, initiating age and term limits for members and barring them from visiting cities bidding to be Olympic sites.
History
Games held in ancient times on the plain of Olympia in Greece every four years. It was a time for laying aside political and religious differences, as athletes from all the Greek cities and districts competed. The games included patriotic and religious rituals as well as athletic contests, and high honors were given to the winners. The Greeks counted their years by olympiads (periods of four years) and dated events from the first Olympics in 776 b.c.
The Olympic Games deteriorated under Roman rule of Greece and were halted in the fourth century. They were revived in the late nineteenth century, with goals of peace and fellowship modeled on those of the ancient Olympics. The modern Olympics include many athletic events of the original games, such as the discus throw.
古代奥运会的产生
奥运会的全称是“奥林匹克运动会”,“奥林匹克”一词源于希腊的地名“奥林匹亚”。奥林匹亚位于雅典城西南360公里的阿菲斯河山谷,这里风景如画,气候宜人.古希腊人在这里建起了许多神殿,因此,古人把这块土地叫做阿尔菲斯神城,也称"圣地"奥林匹亚,依当时的信念,它象征着和平和友谊。
古代希腊和地中
海区域其他国家的人们在祭典和收获季节,常常举行盛大集会,并进行各种游乐和竞技活动,热闹非凡。最初这项活动分散在各地,也不定期,但以奥林匹亚的集会最为盛大。
公元前884年,古希腊爆发战争,各地战火连绵,瘟疫成灾,农业欠收.希腊平民非常渴望和平,怀念当年的那种庆典活动。于是,奥林匹亚所在的伊利斯城邦国王联络其他几个城邦的国王,达成了一项定期的奥林匹亚举行运动会的协议,并规定在运动会年实行“神圣休战日”。“神圣休战日”期限是三个月。在这期间,任何人不得动刀兵发动。即使正在交战的双方,也得放下武器,准备去奥林匹亚参加运动会。从此,就产生了全希腊性的赛会.到公元前776年,第一次用文字记录下获奖者安全名。这就是后人所说的第一届古希腊运动会。之后,这种赛会每四年举行一次.因此比赛地点在奥林匹亚,也称它是古代奥林匹克运动会,简称古代奥运会。从公元前776年到公元349年,古代奥运会被罗马帝国的皇帝废除为止,古代奥运会一共举行了293届。
古代奥运会并不都是欢乐
古代奥运会对普通奥运观众并不意味着欢乐。一个典型的奥运观众，如果是从雅典出发，他必须跋山涉水穿过大半个伯罗奔尼撒半岛，沿着一条崎岖不平的朝圣者古道，头顶地中海夏季的炎炎烈日，步行或借助骡马的脚力，用两个星期的时间才能走完雅典到奥林匹亚的300多公里路程。如果来自海外殖民地，走海路则需要更长时间
。
当筋疲力尽的观众终于抵达奥林匹亚，真正的考验才刚刚开始。奥林匹亚基础设施极为简陋，仅有一家稍微像样的旅店，并且只向外交使团和官员开放，级别不够的贵族只能自己搭帐篷解决住宿问题。至于另外8万名普通观众——其中将近一半是兜售饮食、纪念品的小商贩——不得不到宙斯神庙附近的旷野里自便。于是，奥运期间这里变成了一片卫生状况恶劣的露营地。
奥林匹亚的运动场不设观众席，也没有树阴遮蔽，因为宗教原因，奥运会上不允许观众戴帽子，人们只能从早到晚站在尘土飞扬的运动场中间，暴晒于烈日底下。由于夏季河水断流，井水供不应求，观众脱水、中暑的情况时有发生。那时，希腊没有完善的排污系统，干涸的河床成了几万人的临时厕所，垃圾就地堆放，再加上遍地的苍蝇，卫生状况可想而知。
就是在这样的条件下，古代奥运会连续举办了一千多年。据说，奥运会的脏乱程度令人闻之色变，以至于有这样一种说法——对于不服管教的奴隶，主人会以威胁的口气对他说：再不听话，就罚你去奥林匹亚看奥运会！ （《南方周末》8.19赋格文）
奥运会会歌
现代首届夏季奥运会于1896年4月6日在雅典开幕,开幕典礼中,演奏了一曲庄严的古典弦乐,1958年国际奥委会将它定为奥运会会歌,会歌作曲者为希腊萨马拉斯,作词者为帕拉马斯。
奥运会会旗
1913年,法国顾拜旦建议设国际奥委会会旗,并设计为白底,无边,中央从左至右有蓝,黄,黑,绿,红5个套连圈环,依次代表欧亚非澳美5洲,白底意指所有国家都能在自己旗帜下参赛。1914年7月,奥林匹克大
会首次悬挂奥林匹克旗。1920年,举办第5届夏季奥运会的比利时奥委会赠送国际奥委会一面同样的旗,奥运会期悬挂,后成定制,历届奥运会开幕由上届举办城市转交此旗,由举办城市保存,比赛期间主运动场仅悬挂借用品,1952年,奥斯陆市赠送国际奥委会冬季奥运会旗,交接,保存和使用方法同夏季奥运会。1970年,国际奥委会在《奥林匹克评议》第4期上对会旗赋予新含义：它象征5大洲团结,运动员以公正,坦率的竞赛和友好的精神在奥运会上相见。
奥运圣火
1934年,国际奥委会雅典会议决定恢复古奥运会旧制,奥运会期间主体育场燃烧奥林匹克圣火,圣火火种取自奥林匹克,采用火炬接力方式传到主办国,在此之前1928年的第9届奥运会在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹市
的主体比赛上自始至终有一高塔燃着熊熊的焰火。火种用聚光镜集阳光点燃而成,然后通过接力传送经4个国家至东道国主办地,这是奥运会首次举行这种活动。1936年7月20日,奥林匹亚为第11届夏季奥运会举行点火仪式后每人手持火炬跑1公里的接力,经保加利亚,南斯拉夫,匈牙利,奥地利,捷克斯洛伐克,8月1日传到柏林,全程3075公里,参加接力的共有3075人,从这届起,国际奥委会正式规定点燃奥林匹克火焰是每届奥运会开幕式不可缺少的仪式.此外,燃点圣火是为了纪念一次大战中牺牲的战士,而火炬传送则象征在世界各地传播和平的友谊。
现代奥运会的奠基人——皮埃尔•德•顾拜旦
皮埃尔·德·顾拜旦是现代奥运会的奠基人。他出生于巴黎贵族家庭。中学毕业后入巴黎大学攻读法律、政治、后又去英国深造，学教育学。当时英国的户外体育对顾拜旦震动很大，他立志
回去要改变法国对体育的漠不关心，他更向往的是扩大世界的体育交流。1863年，顾拜旦提出举办类似古奥运会的比赛，但不是照搬，而是把过去只限于希腊人参加的古奥运会扩大到世界范围。尽管顾拜旦的主张遭到一些反对派的杯葛，但在他不懈努力下，1894年6月16日终于有20个国家派代表在法国巴黎大学召开了第一届“重建国际奥林匹克运动会国际会议”。6月23日晚，委员会正式宣布成立国际奥林匹克委员会，这一天，对世界体育运动的发展，对奥林匹克运动都具有划时代的意义。不少国家把这一天作为体育节日，中国也于1986年将这天定为奥林匹克日。
现代奥运会的历史
奥运会自公元 776 年于希腊的奥林匹亚举行以来，已经有 1200 年的历史。当时的运动项目有五项全能（包含铁饼、标枪、跳远、赛跑和摔跤）、赛跑、拳击、摔跤、Pankration（拳击和摔跤的混合运动）、四轮马车赛跑和骑马。
奥林匹克的复兴始自 1896 年，当时希腊的雅典举办了第一次现代奥运会，当时有来自 14 个国家的 245 名运动员参加。 此后，参赛运动员、参赛国家和比赛项目与日俱增，在 2000 年澳大利亚的悉尼奥运会上，有来自 199 个国家的 10,000 多名运动员参赛。
冬季体育项目最早在 1908 年添加到奥运会中，当时是花样滑冰运动。冰球项目自 1920 年加入。在 1924 年，冬奥会第一次在法国的查米尼斯单独举行。 自 1994 起，冬奥会定于不和夏季奥运会同年举行，因此目前奥运会为每两年一届，冬季奥运会和夏季奥运会交替进行。
奥林匹克运动有一系列独特而鲜明的象征性标志，如奥林匹克标志、格言、奥运会会旗、会歌、会徽、奖牌、吉祥物等。这些标志有着丰富的文化含义，形象地体现了奥林匹克理想的价值取向和文化内涵。今天，随着奥林匹克运动的不断发展壮大，奥林匹克标志也已经在全世界家喻户晓、深入人心。
《奥林匹克宪章》规定，奥林匹克标志、奥林匹克旗、奥林匹克格言和奥林匹克会歌的产权属于国际奥委会专有。国际奥委会可采取一切适当措施使奥林匹克标志、旗、格言和会歌在各国和国际上获得法律保护。为了加强对奥林匹克知识产权和奥林匹克标志的保护，保障和维护奥林匹克知识产权人和奥林匹克标志权利人的合法权益，我国先后颁布了《北京市奥林匹克知识产权保护规定》（2001年10月11日北京市政府令第85号发布）和《奥林匹克标志保护条例》（2002年2月4日中华人民共和国国务院令第345号发布）。
当今世界上流传最广的标志要数奥林匹克五环了，随着奥林匹克运动的发展，它已成为奥林匹克精神与文化的形象代表，五环“转”到哪里，奥林匹克运动就在哪里生根开花。
说起五环的来历，曾经有过这样一个有趣的故事。 1936年第11届柏林奥运会第一次举行火炬传递活动，火炬的传递路线自奥林匹亚开始，从希腊北部出境，沿多瑙河穿过奥地利，最后进入德国。为了烘托这一具有象征意义的活动，奥运会组委会主席卡尔•迪姆及其同事几乎完全按照古奥运会的情景来布置沿途经过的古希腊遗址。火炬到达德尔菲帕那萨斯山的古代运动场时要举行一个特别仪式，这时，迪姆突发奇想，在一个高约3英尺的长方形石头的四面设计并刻上了现代奥林匹克运动的五环标志，放在了古运动场的起跑线一端。仪式结束后，火炬继续北上，而这块作为道具的石头却被留在了古运动场。
由于极少有人知道这块刻有五环标志石头（后被称做“迪姆之石”）的真实身份，此后的很长一段时间，它被当做了“有3000年历史的古代奥运会遗迹”。这个以讹传讹的错误直到20世纪60年代才被德尔菲的希腊官员指出。1972年5月，这个假文物被送到德尔菲的另一个地方——古罗马广场入口处。
事实上，现代奥林匹克运动的五环标志出自现代奥运会创始人顾拜旦之手。顾拜旦认为奥林匹克运动应该有自己的标志，这个念头在他的脑海里盘桓已久。1913年，他终于构思设计了五环标志和以白色为底印有五环的奥林匹克旗，打算在国际奥委会成立20周年之际推出这个标志。
1914年6月15日～23日，国际奥委会在法国巴黎索邦学院举行代表大会，同时庆祝国际奥委会成立20周年。在纪念大会上，顾拜旦兴致勃勃地拿出自己设计的五环标志和一面印着五环的旗帜向大家展示，并建议将它们作为奥林匹克运动的标志。听了顾拜旦对五环标志的说明后，会议确定将奥林匹克五环和奥林匹克旗作为奥林匹克标志。
奥林匹克五环标志由5个奥林匹克环从左至右套接而成，可以是单色，也可以是蓝、黄、黑、绿、红5种颜色。最初的解释是五种颜色代表各国国旗的颜色，后来又将5个不同颜色的圆环解释为五大洲的象征。
奥运会会旗，3米长，2米宽，以白色为底，象征纯洁。蓝、黄、黑、绿、红五环，环环相扣。1914年，在巴黎举行的奥林匹克大会首次悬挂了奥林匹克旗。1920年，奥林匹克旗第一次飘扬在安特卫普夏季奥运会体育场。这届奥运会后，比利时奥委会赠送了国际奥委会一面同样的旗，在奥运会期间悬挂，后成定制，历届奥运会开幕式上由上届举办城市转交此旗，由举办城市保存，比赛期间主运动场仅悬挂代用品。1952年，奥斯陆市赠送国际奥委会冬季奥运会会旗，交接、保存和使用方法与夏季奥运会相同。
1979年6月，国际奥委会正式宣布了会旗和五环的含义：根据《奥林匹克宪章》，奥林匹克旗帜和5个圆环的含义是：象征五大洲的团结以及全世界运动员以公正、坦率的比赛和友好的精神在奥运会上相见。
参考资料：
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