并列结构的语法结构

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

　　并列结构指的是由并列连词and、but、：not…but、while、or、or else, either…or、so、not only...but also、whether...or、as well as、both…and等连接的俩个或以上的短语或是简单句，同时表示前后俩个短语或是句子之间的逻辑（因果、对比、条件、假设、目的等等）关系。
　　解析：
　　英语中由并列连词连接俩个或多个短语在句子里做并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列表语、并列状语等；或是由并列连词连接简单句构成并列句。常见的并列连词有and、but、：not…but、while、or、or else, either…or、so、not only...but also、whether...or、as well as、both…and。
　　and表示前后成分是并列关系，表达的意思一致，积极的或是消极的；好的或是坏的。如：
　　She and I disagree about it . （并列主语）
　　关于这一点，我和她意见不同。
　　He saw you and me. （并列宾语）
　　他看见你和我了。
　　With this he got up and went out. （并列谓语）
　　他说着就站起来走出去了。
　　Everyone should keep discipline and you are no exception. （俩个并列句）
　　每个人都应该遵守纪律， 你也毫无例外。
　　If you can use a word correctly and effectively, you comprehend it. （并列状语）
　　你如果能正确和有效地使用一个字， 你就了解它了。
　　not only...but also也表示前后的并列关系，表达意义一致。如：
　　Not only is he a scientist, but he is also a fighter.他不但是位科学家而且还是名战士。
　　Not only Mr. Lin but also his son joined the Party. （并列主语）
　　林先生和他儿子都加入了中国共产党。
　　The quality difference of urban land is known not only in a city. but also between the cities. （并列状语）
　　城镇土地质量差异不仅存在于城镇内部。
　　or表示前后选择关系。如：
　　Are you against it or for it? （并列表语）
　　你对此事是反对呢还是赞成?
　　The world exists, whether you like it or not. （并列谓语）
　　不管你喜欢与否，这个世界照样存在。
　　Work hard or you will fail the exam. （并列句子）
　　努力学习要不然你考试就会失败。
　　either…or, neither…nor, not …nor等表示选择关系。注意：他们连接主语时，谓语动词也依据就近原则。
　　Either my father or my brothers are coming.不是我父亲就是我兄弟要来。
　　Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。
　　for，so表示因果关系。如：
　　I apologized to her , for I had wrongedher.我向她道歉了，因为我错怪了她。
　　It was late, so we went home.天晚了, 所以我们就回家去了。
　　

Answer 2

英语的并列连词就结构形式来说分为单词并列连词(SINGLE-WORD C00RDINATOR)，如and，or but：nor yet so； 关联并列连词(CORRELATIVE C00RDINATOR)，如both…and，not only…but(also)，either...or，neither…nor，not…but等。此外还有连词for是介乎并列连河和从属连词之间的，本书把它也放在并列连词中处理。
从语义上划分，英语的并列连词义可分为表示语义增进的并列表示因果的并列连词。
I．表示语义增进的并列连词
表示语义增进的并列连词以and为代表，not only．．but(aIso)，nor，neither．．nor等。
语义增进是连词and所表示的主要意义。
He bought a table and two chairs．
I am interested jn chemitry(化学)and in mathematics(数学)。 John did the work,and he did it wel (约翰做了这件事．而且 做得好。)
You doubt his capacity,and with reson (你怀疑他的能力， 而 且有理由怀疑、)
表示语义增进，and有时还可出现了句首，这主要用于非正式语体。
例如：
Well he doesn't have a fever .And his pulse is fine.
Just a litt[e cold，Chartie，say the doctorBetter stay inside
today, Charlie．And take it easy．
Did you serve in either or my last two campaigns?
除表尔语义增进，连词and还可用于其他意义。比如表示对比和转折： He was city-bred(在城里长大的)，and she was country-bred(在 乡间氏大的)-She was rough(粗鲁)，and he was gentle(文雅)． He is Jack of a11 trades and masterr of none． (他样样刽5会， 门 门不箱。)
There is all talk and no action. (尽是空谈，没有行动.)
He is so rich and lives like a beggar (他北常富有，而生活却象乞丐一般。)
又例如麦不条件：
Tell him anything，and he just looks at you blankly
(=If you tell him anything，he just looks at you bIankly．)
Give me some more time，and I will show you how it can be done.
Think it over again and you'll find a way out
both...and是对加and意义的强化。例如：
Both Mary and her mother were not there
She is weIl known both for her kindness and for her intelligence．
要注意，both...and在用法上也不完全与and相同。比如我们可以说：
Mary and her mother were not there．
却通常不说：*Both Mary and her mother were not there．而应说；
Neither Mary nor her mother was there．
又例如and可用来连接两个分句，而both...and不可以.比如我们可以说：
Mary went marketing,and her mother did the cooking.
却不可以说：
*Both Mary went marketing, and her mother did the cooking．
再者，and可以连接两个以上的项目，而both…and却只限于两
项。比如我们可以说：
He can sing and dance and play the violin.
He can both sing and dance．
却和可以说：
*He can both sing and dance and pIay the vioIin．
not only．．．but(aIso)与both．．and意义相近，但侧重在后一并列成
分。例如：
NOt only the mother but also the children are sick．
She can not only speak English but also write in it．
与both…and不同，not only...but(also)可用来连接两个分句，作这种用法时，not only所引导的分句需用倒装词序。例如：
Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also
his German citizenship.(德国公民资格)．
nor，neither…nor是表示否定的语义增进，这就是说，如果上文是个否定结构，下文可用nor表示否定意义的增进。例如：
He is not interesed in physics(物理学)，nor in biology(生物学)．
The job cannot be done by you，nor by me，nor by anyone else．
It was not anger nor surprise，nor disapproval，nor horror, nor
any of the emotions she had been prepared for．
如果用nor连接分句，随后得用倒装词序。例如；
*Both Mary went marketing, and her mother did the cooking．
再者，and可以连接两个以上的项目，而both…and却只限于两项。比如我们可以说：
He can sing and dance and play the violin.
He can both sing and dance．
却和可以说：
*He can both sing and dance and pIay the vioIin．
not only．．．but(aIso)与both．．and意义相近，但侧重在后一并列成分。例如：
NOt only the mother but also the children are sick．
She can not only speak English but also write in it．
与both…and不同，not only...but(also)可用来连接两个分句，作这种用法时，not only所引导的分句需用倒装词序。例如：
Not only was everything he had taken away from him,but also
his German citizenship.(德国公民资格)．
nor，neither…nor是表示否定的语义增进，这就是说，如果上文是个否定结构，下文可用nor表示否定意义的增进。例如：
He is not interesed in physics(物理学)，nor in biology(生物学)．
The job cannot be done by you，nor by me，nor by anyone else．
It was not anger nor surprise，nor disapproval，nor horror, nor
any of the emotions she had been prepared for．
如果用nor连接分句，随后得用倒装词序。例如；
I don't want to go,nor will my wife．
neither... nor表示既不……又不的含义，加强了否定的意义例如：
Neither my father nor I will go there
He neither ate,nor drank,nor smoked．
如果用neither…nor连接两个分句，两者都要用倒装词序。
Neither has he called on her ,nor wtll he do so．
Neither has she much time, nor have I．
在下列诸句中，ne此er可用于nor的意义，但不是并列连厉接副词：
She didn't give anything and neither did he．
=She didn't give anything，nor did he．
=She didn't give anything；neither did he．
The men were not well-dressed Nor/neither were the women
She hasn't much time and neitherr have I．
2) 表示语义转折和对比的并列连词
表示语义转拆和对比的并列连词以but为代表，此外还有
not...but,yet,whereas, while，only等。例如：
He is hard-working but not very intelligent .
He would like to go, but he can't.
we were comingto see you , but it rained(so we didn't).
They would have written to you, but you told them not to.
Hc would have said no,but he was afraid．
和and一样，并列连词but也可出现于句首，表示语义转折，
赵连接上下句的作用。例如：
When Galileo toId people of his discovery(发现)，no one would
believe him． But Galileo was not discouraged.
When she saw that Abraham liked reading，she did all she could
to help him． But the family was poor and the boy could not get
many books.