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11 Translation is a rendering from one language into another,i.e.the faithful representation in one language of what is written of said in another language.
12 语内翻译(intra-lingual ) 语际翻译 (inter-lingual ) 符际翻译 (inter-semiotic )
translation can be dived into intra-lingual translation,inter-lingual translation , inter-semiotic translation
13 Yan Fu's Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance.
"Form" "Spirit"
consummating theory
14 cognitive,conceptual, designative meaning
15 Sino-Tibetan languages Indo-European languages
16 English is a hypotactic language and Chinese is a paratactic language
17 diction, amplification,omission,conversion, repetition, inversion conversion, division and combination.

Introduction to the 8 commonly-used techniques
1) repetition(重复法 重复法) 重复法
2) amplification(增译法 ) 增译法
3) omission(/省译法 减译法 ) 省译法/减译法 省译法
4) conversion(词类转移法 ) 词类转移法
5) inversion (词序调整法 词序调整法) 词序调整法
6) division(分译法 分译法) 分译法
7) negation(正说反译 反说正译法 正说反译, 正说反译 反说正译法)
8). the change of the voices(语态变换法)
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