catch（捉住）--caught—caught cut（砍，割）--cut--cut dig（挖，掘）--dug--dug
do（做，干）--did--done draw（画画,拉）--drew--drawn drink（喝）--drank--drunk
drive（驾驶）--drove--driven eat（吃）--ate--eaten fall（跌倒，落下）--fell--fallen
feel（感觉）--felt--felt fly（飞）--flew--flown get（获得）--got--gotten
give（给）---gave--given go（去）--went--gone grow（生长）--grew--grown have
(has)（有）--had--had hurt（伤害）--hurt--hurt keep（保持）--kept--kept
know（知道，认识）--knew--known learn（学习）--learnt--learnt leave （离开）--left--left
let（让）--let--let lie（躺，平放）--lay--lain make（使得，做）--made--made
may（可以）--might--might read（读）--read--read ride （骑）--rode--ridden ring
（鸣铃）--rang--rung run （跑）--ran--run say （说）--said--said see （看见）--saw--seen
sell （卖）--sold--sold send（送）--sent--sent set （放）--set--set
sing（唱歌）--sang--sung sleep （睡觉）--slept--slept smell（闻）--smelt--smelt
speak（说话）--spoke --spoken spend （花费）--spent--spent stand
（站立）--stood--stood swim （游泳）--swam--swum take （拿到）--took--taken
teach（教）--taught--taught tell （告诉）--told--told think（认为）--thought--thought
throw（投掷）--threw--thrown understand（懂得）--understood--understood
wake（唤醒）--woke--woken wear（穿）--wore--worn win（获胜）--won --won write（写）
--wrote--written
过去完成时 过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
过去完成时：即过去的过去所发生的事情！
其构成是主语+had +过去分词。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.他说从前他学过英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.爱迪生12岁时，他已经开始自己谋生
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
过去完成时的用法（2）
表示过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，常与由when，before等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。
When I woke up it had already stopped raining.
我醒来的时候雨就已经停了。
I hadn't learned any English before I came here.
我来这儿之前没学过英语。
常用于引导这类状语从句的连词有：when当……的时候，as soon as一…就，
before在……之前，after在……之后，until直到，等。
过去完成时的用法（3）
用于宾语从句或间接引语中
I wondered who had taken the umbrella without permission.
我想知道谁不经允许就把雨伞拿去。
He told me that he had passed the exam.
他告诉我他已通过考试。
过去完成时的用法（4）
某些动词的过去完成时表示一个打算要做却没有做成的事。
I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn't get away.
昨晚我本打算来看你，但有人来找，脱不开身。
We had hoped to catch the early bus, but found it was gone.
我们本希望搭早班车，却发现车已开了。
这类动词有：intend打算，hope希望，plan计划，mean预定，want想要，
think想要，等。
过去完成时的用法（5）
用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句中
If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.
如果你昨天来的话，你就已经见到他的面了。
She would have come if she hadn’t been so busy.
要不是这么忙的话，她就已经来了。
It was given by him! But I didn't want to accept!
This kind of idea had never been thought about before yesterday!
She will have been left by you at this time of tomorrow.
The bycicle is being repaired by you!!!
第一个是一般过去时的被动语态。（一般现在时和一般将来时与其类似，只是be动词的区别罢了【即was/were与will be与is/are的区别）
第二个是过去完成时的被动语态。（现在完成时与其类似）
第三个是将来完成时的被动语态。
第四个是现在进行时的被动语态。但是，一般来说，这种情况在英语表达中是非常之少的。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written, left B. were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left
答案:D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前，因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意： had no ……when 还没等…… 就……
had no sooner……than 刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
过去完成时的用法（1）
表示过去某一时刻之前已经完成的动作，常与由by，before引导的时间状语连用。
We had learned 5000 words by the end of last month.
到上个月底为止我已经学了五千个单词。
I had finished the composition before supper.
晚饭前我就已经把作文写完了。
过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态,句中常用by,before ,until,when,等词引导时间状语.
比如:By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
意思是到去年年底,我们已经建了5栋新房子!
去年年底是过去的时间吧,在那时候我们建成房子是已经完成的事情了,所以在这时候就要用过去完成时
还有过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去.
比如:Before he slept,he had worked for 12 hours.
意思是,在他睡觉以前,他已经连续工作12个小时了,连续工作是发生在睡觉以前的持续状态,而睡觉也是发生在过去的事情,有可能他现在已经醒了
将来完成时 将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
1) 构成 （shall）will+have+动词过去分词
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
②表示推测，相当于"must have done"结构。
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息
③在时间和副词从句中，用现在完成时代替将来完成时来表示将来某一时刻以前已完成的动作
Tell me what you think about the film when you have seen it.
你看完这部电影之后告诉我你对它的意见
过去完成进行时 形式：
I （or You，He，John，They，Those men） had been studying．
770 过去完成进行时与过去完成时的用法很相近，它通常表示一个持续到过去某时的动作：
He had been waiting for two weeks． He was still waiting．（有一个表示一段时间的状语）
Up to that time he had been translating those books．（He was still translating at “that time”．）
He had been writing the letter till two o'clock．
He was now thirty years old．He had been gambling since he was ten．（He was still gambling at thirty．）
He had been standing there in the sun．（没有时间状语）
He had been thinking about his marriage．
不过这种时态并不一定表示这个过去动作将持续下去：
He came back at seven．He had been waiting for her two hours．（At seven he did not wait any more．）
He stopped swimming．He had been swimming for the last three hours．
另一方面，这种时态也和现在完成进行时一样，也可有一些特别的含义：
1）尚未完成：
He had been writing the novel．（He had not finished it yet．）
2）企图：
He had been studying the meaning of this proverb．（He was trying to study it．）
3）未得结果：
We had been studying what our enemy had said．（But we were not able to understand it．）
4）最近情况：
He had been quarrelling with his wife．（lately）
5）反复动作：
He had been asking me the same question．（Many times）
6）情绪：
What had he been doing？（不耐烦）
这种时态很少用在否定句中，而多以过去完成时代替：
He had not practised English for many years．（普通说法）
He had not been practising English for many years．（少见）
这种时态还可用在said，supposed等引起的间接引语中，代替现在完成进行时：
He said，“I have been speaking to John．”＝ He said that he had been speaking to John．
He thought，“She was watching me when I passed．”＝ He thought that she had been watching him when he had passed．
过去完成进行时经常与现在完成进行时混淆。
现在完成进行时 (The present perfect progressive) 由 have/has been +-ing 分词构成；
过去完成进行时（ The past perfect progressive tenses ）由 had been +-ing 分词构成．
现在／过去完成进行时的用法：
A. 在某段时间内一直进行的动作用现在完成进行时来强调动作在某段时间里的持续性．动作通常有”现在”的结果，要根据上下文来确定到”现在”为止，动作是否还在继续进行．同样，过去完成进行时表示在过去更早时间内进行的动作,并对过去某一时刻产生结果。
B.表示重复动作的现在／过去完成进行时
我们也可以用完成进行时形式来表示现在或过去经常重复的动作
注意：过去完成进行时和过去完成时类似，需要有过去这一时间点。
现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成
I/ we/ you/ they have been working
he/ she/ it has been working
（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.
中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）
I have been learning English since three years ago.
自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）
（二）表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。
We have been waiting for you for half an hour.
我们已经等你半个钟头了。（动作不在继续下去）
（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。
They have been living in this city for ten years.
They have lived in this city for ten years.
他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。
I have been working here for five years.
I have worked here for five years.
我在这里已经工作两年了。
（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。
I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）
我一直在写一本书。
I have written a book.（动作已经完成）
我已经写了一本书。
They have been building a bridge.
他们一直在造一座桥。
They have built a bridge.
他们造了一座桥。
（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have known him for years.
我认识他已经好几年了。
* I have been knowing...
这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，
hate讨厌，等。
比较过去时与现在完成时
1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语
共同的时间状语:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不确定的时间状语
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday.
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film.
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn't handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris.
她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years.
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
过去完成时
1） 概念：表示过去的过去
----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
现在完成进行时 :
其构成形式如下：
I / we / they have
He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词
功用如下：
1） 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：
Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.
Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?
2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：
It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)
Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently.
3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：
She has been playing tennis since she was eight.
4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：
Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.
The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.
将来完成进行时
构成：主语+ shall/will have been doing
将来完成进行时表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续F去，要视上下文而定。这个时态常和表示将来某一旬的状语连用。如:
I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year. 到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了
If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿，等我们到了那儿，店门就会关了。
The play is coming off in August. By then the play will have been running for three months. 这个剧将于8月停演。到那时为止，这个剧将连演三个月了。
未来完成进行时 未来完成进行式
形式：
主语+will+have+been+现在分词
表示到未来某一时间点为止，仍旧在继续的动作。
You will have been studying Japanese for five years by nest March.
到下明年三月为止，你就学习日语5年了。
She will hane been teaching Russian for ten years by next April
直到明年四月为止，她教俄语就满十年了。
过去将来完成进行时 过去将来完成进行时
形式
should+have been+现在分词用于第一人称，而 would have
been+现在分词用于其他人称。
用法
I/we should have been working．
将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样。即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时：
1 动作本身就是连续的：
By the end of the month he will have been living／working／studying here for ten years．
到了月底他在这里居住／工作／学习就满十年了。
2 一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作：
By the end of this month he will have been training horses／climbing mountains for twenty years．
到了这个月底他驯马／登山就满 20年了。
但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目，或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作，就必须用将来完成时：
By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses／climbed 50 mountains．
到本月底，他驯服的马就有600匹／攀登的山峰就有50座了。
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
②表示推测，相当于"must have done"结构。
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息。
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