动词不定式 不定式在句中作以下成分： ·作主语，例如： To die for the people is a glorious death. 为人民而死，虽死犹荣。 To ignore this would be a mistake. 忽视这一点是错误的。 To know something about English is one thing; to know English is quite another. 懂一点英语是一回事；掌握英语完全是另一回事。 有时用 it 作形式主语，而将作主语的不定式后置，例如： It is necessary to make a study plan. 有必要制订一份学习计划。 It is not difficult to learn a foreign language if you spend time and effort on it. 只要你花时间下功夫，学好一门外语并不难。 It seems a pity to refuse. 拒绝似乎很遗憾。 It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 听他这样谈话我们非常气愤。 ·作表语，例如： To live like this is to enjoy life. 这样生活是一种享受。 What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand. 我所喜欢的是在大海里游泳，然后躺在温暖的沙滩上。 Our task is to make these young students into excellent doctors. 我们的任务是将这些年轻学生培养成优秀的医生。 The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。 ·作宾语，例如： He must learn to work hard and to save money. 他必须学会勤俭节约。 Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark. 人们之惧怕死亡，犹如儿童之惧怕在黑暗中行走。 We decided to make changes in our plan. 我们决定把计划做些修改。 Mary begged to go with us. 玛丽恳求和我们一道去。 Some people can't bear to watch a bullfight. 有些人不忍心看斗牛。 能以不定式作宾语的动词有很多，常用的有：afford, agree, aim, ask, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, can't bear, cease, choose, claim, commence, compete, consent, continue, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, dislike, endeavour, expect, fail, fear, forget, get, grow, hasten, hate, have, help, hesitate, hope, hurry, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, neglect, offer, pay, plan, pledge, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, seek, refuse, start, stop, strive, struggle, threaten, train, try, undertake, unite, venture, volunteer, wait, want, wish 等。 动词不定式还可与 wh 词一起作动词的宾语，例如： I don't know how to tell you. 我不知道该怎样告诉你才好。 She knows where to find the key. 她知道该到哪儿去找钥匙。 You will soon learn when to use this construction. 你很快就会懂得在何时使用这种结构。 We must decide whether to go or stay. 我们得决定去还是留。 I hope you'll advise me what to do. 我希望你给我出主意怎么办好。 能接“wh - + 不定式”作宾语的动词有：advise, ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, know, learn, observe, perceive, remember, see, show, teach, tell, think, understand, wonder 等。 动词不定式在带有宾补的句中作宾语时，常用 it 的作形式宾语而将不定式宾语后置，例如 ： I think it necessary to help each other. 我认为有必要互相帮助。 They found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 他们发现不可能把一切都及时准备好。 She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it. 她觉得没有必要和他辩论。 I have long had it in mind to answer you letter. 我一直在想给你回信。 ·作宾语，例如： The doctor advised him to take a good rest. 大夫劝他好好休息。 We consider him to be a good teacher. 我们认为他是个好老师。 I didn't expect you to arrive so early. 没想到你来得这么早。 May I request you to be present at the ceremony? 我可否请你出席这次仪式? His conscience compelled him to tell the truth. 他的良心促使他讲出了真情。 I mentioned casually that my doctor had absolutely forbidden me to drink champagne. 我顺便提及我的医生绝对禁止我喝香槟酒。 能接动词不定式作宾补的动词有： advise, allow, assist, bribe, cause, caution, challenge, charge, command, compel, condemn, dare, defy, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, force, impel, implore, incite, induce, inform, instruct, invite , oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, recommend, remind, request, require, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, warn, wish 等。 有些动词要求接不带 to 的不定式作宾补，例如： I saw the train come into the station. 我看见火车进站了。 I often hear them sing this song. 我常常听到他们唱这首歌。 Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛紧张起来。 As a shy young visitor to Einstein's home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said, “I have something to show you.” 小时候有一次我去爱因斯坦家拜访时很腼腆，他说：“我有样东西给你看”，于是我感到无拘无束了。 能接省 to 的动词不定式作宾补的动词有：let, make, see, hear, listen to, feel, watch, notice, help 及 have. 有些动词像 think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare, take 等可接 to be 短语作宾补，例如： They would start off by saying that “everyone knows” the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. 他们一开始就会说“大家都知道”地球是圆的，如追问下去，他们便会生气。 They believed these principles to be universally true. 他们认为这些原则是普遍适用的。 They found the answer to be quite satisfactory. 他们对答复感到满意。 ·作定语，例如： This is the best way to solve the problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好方法。 Look at the number of shops to let. 查一查出租商店的数目。 He wore a pale blue shirt and a tie to match. 他身穿淡蓝色的衬衣，系一条与衬衣相配的领带。 There are still two more items to include in the programme. 还有两个节目要列入节目单。 No investigation, no right to speak. 没有调查就没有发言权。 We must have the courage to say that we are ignorant. 我们应当有勇气承认自己是无知的。 You haven't kept your promise to write us regularly. 你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。 You should have confidence in your ability to fulfil the task. 你们应对自己完成任务的能力有信心。 ·作状语，通常表示目的或者结果，例如： To solve the problem, he has read a lot of reference books. 为了解决这个问题，他看了许多参考书。 We arrived at the station only to find that the train had left. 我们到车站时，不料火车已经开走了。 They ran over to welcome the delegates. 他们跑过去欢迎代表们。 What have I said to make you so excited? 我说了什么话使你这样激动? We must do everything we can to help them. 我们要尽一切力量帮助他们。 动词不定式还可以用在作表语用的形容词(或过去分词)后面作状语，说明产生这种情绪的原 因或是在哪方面存在谓语所表示的情况等。可用于这类结构的形容词和过去分词有：happy, lucky, fortunate, unfortunate, pained, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, shocked, sorry, glad, delighted, able, unable, destined, apt, willing, unwilling, worthy, eager, proud, disappointed, angry, right, anxious, content, impatient , fit, ready, clever, unwise, naughty, quick, slow, prompt, foolish, rude, thoughtless, (in) considerate, cruel, wrong 等。例如： George was anxious to get home. 乔治急于回家。 I an very pleased to have been of help. 帮上了忙我很高兴。 He was surprised to see them there. 看到他们在那儿，他感到惊奇。 He was fortunate to escape being injured. 他没受伤真是幸运。 Tom was stupid to believe that. 汤姆连那一点都相信真是愚蠢。 These shoes are not fit to wear. 这些鞋子穿起来不合适。 Tom isn't able to go to the party. 汤姆不能去参加聚会。
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