被动语态的构成形式
被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1 am/is/are +done (过去分词)一般现在时
Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.
2 has /have been done现在完成时
All the preparations for the task have been completed, and we're ready to start.
3 am/is /are being done现在进行时
A new cinema is being built here．
4 was/were done一般过去时
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.
5 had been done过去完成时
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.
6 was/were being done过去进行时
A meeting was being held when I was there.
7 shall/will be done一般将来时
Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.
8 should/would be done过去将来时
The news would be sent to the soldier's mother as soon as it arrived.
9 shall/will have been done将来完成时（少用）
The project will have been completed before July.
10 should/would have been done过去将来完成时（少用）
He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
被动语态的特殊结构形式
1 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing形式及不定式to do也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。
I don't like being laughed at in the public.
如何使用被动语态
学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。
1 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。
My bike was stolen last night.
2 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3 为了更好地安排句子。
The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.（一个主语就够了）
It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。有：
It is said that…据说……
It is reported that…据报道……
It is believed that…大家相信……
It is hoped that…大家希望……
It is well-known that…众所周知……
It is thought that…大家认为……
It is suggested that…据建议……
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.（=The boy is said to have passed the national exam.）
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1 英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door won't lock．（指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
How do the newspapers come out?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？
3 系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
Your reason sounds reasonable.
非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义
1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
The picture-book is well worth reading．（=The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
3 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 试比较：
I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? (此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
4 在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。 例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
5 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 例There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁lost time不明确。）
7 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
介词in，on等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1 “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2 “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)，beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及。
The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3 “above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。
His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4 “for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5 “in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。
The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
