第1个回答 2013-10-29
定语从句 (The Attributive Clause)
关键词
先行词·成分·动词性质2. I spent five days with Jim in summer camp, and
I won’t forget it. 定语从句(The Attributive Clause)
一．概念理解：
在复合句(包括主句和从句)中，修饰主句某一
名词或代词的从句叫定语从句(起形容词作
用，作定语；也可称之为形容词性从句)。
注意：引导词可分为两类：
关系代词：
who, whom, whose, that, which
(what=that which不能引导定语从句)
关系副词：
when, where, why
(how不用来引导定语从句，而用that/in which)注意：
定语从句前必须有先行词 (作主语、宾语、表
语或补足语)，否则就不没有说明或修饰的
中心内容。
2. 关系代词和关系副词连接先行词和定语从句，
起联系作用，同时在定语从句中担任一定的
句子成分（但翻译时不译出来）。
二．关系代词及其用法：1. 根据先行词确定关系代词
使用关系代词，完全取决于先行词的性质(人或
事物)、在从句中担任的成分和其人称、格和数
I want to buy the books that / which were written by LuXun.
说明：
先行词是books<物>，而且关系代词在从句中担任主语，所以用主格形式which或that；同时，先行词是复数，定语从句中的谓语动词须与之在人称和数上保持一致，所以要用were。
2. The man (who / whom / that) I talked to just now is LiYan.
说明：
先行词是man<人>，而且关系代词在从
句中担任宾语，所以用宾格形式who或
whom/that。
The pen (that / which) he gave me last week is black.
说明：
先行词是pen<物>，而且关系代词在从句
中担任宾语，所以用宾格形式which或that。
例：3. Do you know the man whose name is WangYu? Do you know the man the name of whom is WangYu?
说明：
先行词是man<人>，而且关系代词在从
句中担任定语，所以用所有格whose或
“名词+of whom”。
The book whose cover is black doesn’t belong to me. The book the cover of which is black doesn’t belong to me.
说明：
先行词是book<物>，而且关系代词在从
句中担任定语，所以用所有格whose或
“名词+of which”。
例：4. I have a lovely pet dog who /that has four short legs.
说明：
先行词是dog <动物，拟人化>，而且关
系代词在从句中担任主语，所以可用主
格形式who或that；同时，先行词是单数
第三人称，定语从句中谓语动词须与之
在人称和数上保持一致，所以要用has。
例：5. Have you found some information about that writer (that/which) you can use in your article?
说明：
先行词是information <事物>而非
writer<人>，而且关系代词在从句
中担任宾语，所以用宾格形式
which或that。
2). 确定和运用定语从句的思维步骤：
A. 找出先行词、关系代词和关系代词的人称、数和性。
关系代词在定语从句中代替主句中的先行词，它们
之间是一种“复指”关系。关系代词一般都跟在先行
词之后，定语从句中的谓语动词须与先行词的人称
和数保持统一。
B. 确定关系代词在从句中担任的成分，用以确定关系代词的格。
作主语：指人时，who比that常用；指事物时，that比which常用。(不能省略)
作宾语：指人时，that比whom常用；指事物时，that或which均可。(口语中常省略)
C. 根据实际情况确定定语从句的时态和语态，不受主句的影响。
3). 指代事物时只能用that而不用which的情况：
A.先行词all, any, one, none, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时 B. 当先行词被all, any, few, little, no, just, some,
much, every等修饰时。 C. 当先行词被the only / very / right / same / last,
one of 等修饰时。 D.当先行词是序数词或被序数词或形容词最高级
修饰时。 E.当先行词既有人又有物时。注：(1). whom/which作介词的宾语时，介词一般可放在
whom/which之前，也可放在从句原来的位置
上；但是在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只
能放在原来的位置上，保持其意义的相对独立与
完整。(2). that引导定语从句时可以指人或物，在从句中
作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后
面作介词的宾语。 4). 指代事物时只能用which而不用that的几种特殊
情况：5). 指代人时宜用who而不能用that情况：
A. 先行词是one, ones, anyone或具有泛指意义的he等时。
1. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the
truth.
2. I will shoot anyone who moves.
3. He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
B. 当先行词是those时。
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
God helps those who help themselves. C. 当先行词有较长的后置定语时。
例：I met a foreigner in the street who wished to
visit you.
D. 带有两个定语从句，其中前一个关系代词是
that时。
例：The boy that you met yesterday is the group
leader who studies hard.
E. 在there be开头的句子中。
例：There is an old man who wants to see you.
as引导的定语从句
一．as可以代替整个句子或一件事，引导非限制性
定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，
意为“正如……，就像……，据……”；从句
位置可置于主句之前或之后，有时也可作为
插入语置于句中，一般用逗号和主句隔开。
1. As is well known, great changes have taken place in China. 2. The boy has as much progress as we had expected.
as 的这种用法常见于以下这些结构:
as we can see, as can be seen, as we know,
as is (well) known, as may be imagined,
as often happens, as has been said before,
as was mentioned above, as has been said
above，as anybody can see等.
1. She married him，which was unexpected. ＝She married him as (was) unexpected. 作主语，代替前面的句子；用which时was不可省。2. The earth , as we know, moves round the sun .
注意：
which在引导非限制性定语从句时，也有和as一样的功能，可以代替整个句子，但which只能用在主句之后。
在as所引导的非限制性定语从句中，如果运用的
是被动语态结构，be动词可以省略；但which没
有此用法，be动词不可省。 二 . as除了代替整个句子，也可以代替主句中一
个特定的词。as在它引导的定语从句（限制性
或非限制性）中可以充当主语，宾语和表
语；在这种用法中它经常和such, so, the same
等词搭配使用；且当先行词中有such, so,
the same等词修饰时，关系代词通常必须用as。1. They were satisfied with this decision，as was
agreed beforehand (事先)
( as在从句中作主语，其先行词是this decision)
2 I never heard such stories as he tells.
( as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是such stories)
3. The place doesn't look the same as it was
before liberation.
( as在定语从句中作表语，先行词是same)
4. Have you bought the same book as I referred
to yesterday?
( as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是book)
例: Have you bought the same book as I referred to yesterday? ( as在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是book) Have you brought the same book that I gave you yesterday? ( that在定语从句中作宾语，先行词是book。 体会：本句中所指的书是同一本，上句中 指的是同一类书，而并不就是那一本。)
注意:
先行词中有the same修饰时，定语从句也可用that引导，但意思上有区别，as表示与此同类； that表示就是那一个(同物)。
1). when指时间，只能跟在hour, moment, day, month, season, year等后面。(=at / in / on which) 1. This is the hour when the place is full of children. 2. Do you remember the time when she came to see you? 2). where指地点，只能跟在village, town, city, home, place等的后面。 (=at / in / on which) 1. This is the place where I grew up. 2. She has gone home where she will stay for a day.
三．关系副词及其用法：
※ 关系副词在其引导的定语从句中作状语。
●●注意： how虽然可以表方式，但是它不能引导定语从 句来修饰way,而要用that或以in which的形式 引导定语从句。 I don’t know the way that (in which) I can solve this problem. (正确) I don’t know the way how I can solve this problem. (错误)
3). why 指原因，通常跟在reason后面( 不强调
reason时可以省略)。 ( = for which)
1. Do you know the reason why he didn’t come?
2. That’s the reason (why) she doesn’t like it.
A.关系词在定语从句中既是引导词又在定语从句 中担任一定的句子成分。因此，如果关系词在 定语从句中作宾语，那么定语从句中就不能再 出现宾语了。 例：Some of the boys (that / who / whom) I invited didn’t come. (正确) Some of the boys (that / who / whom) I invited them didn’t come. (错误)