第1个回答 2015-05-02
在英文中句子成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接宾语、间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语等 (一)主语:主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词或短语来充当。它在句首。如: 1. Comrade Chen is a well-known scientist. 陈同志是著名的科学家。(名词作主语) 2. He reads newspapers every day . 他每天读报。(代词作主语) 3. Smoking is harmful to the health . 吸烟对健康有害。(动名词作主语) 4. To swim in Kunming Lake is a great pleasure . 在昆明湖里游泳是非常愉快的事。(不定式作主语) 5. What we shall do next is not yet decided . 下一步我们做什么还没定下来。(主语从句作主语) (二)谓语 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)必须是动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。它在主语后面。 如:His parents are teachers . (系动词和表语一起作谓语) We study hard . (行为动词作谓语) We have finished reading the book. (助动词和行为动词一起作谓语) He can speak English . (情态动词和行为动词一起作谓语) (三)宾语 宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。一般放在谓语之后。 She is doing her homework now. (名词作宾语) She said (that)she felt sick. (宾语从句做动词宾语) We often help him. (代词作宾语) He likes to play basketball. 他喜欢打篮球。(不定式作宾语) We enjoy listening to the music. 我们喜欢听音乐。(动名词短语作宾语) 说明1:宾语是及物动词涉及到的人或物。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。介词后面的名词或代词或动名词,称为介词宾语。名词、代词、数词常在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语。另外,动词不定式可做动词宾语;动名词和宾语从句也可用做动词宾语。 说明2:及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。直接宾语指物。间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人,间接宾语指人。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。 不是所有的及物动词都可以用双宾语。有的动词可以跟,如:give , show (给…看),bring , pass , buy 等。如: 1. Our teacher told us a story . (us为间接宾语)a story为直接宾语。 2. The sun gives us light and warmth. (us为间接宾语,light and warmth为直接宾语) 3. We sent him a telegram. 我们给他打了电报。 (him为间接宾语,a telegram为直接宾语) 间接宾语如果放在直接宾语之后。在表示“人”的间接宾语之前会出现介词“to”或“for”。在这种情况下, 间接宾语前加“to”的有: give , show , send , bring , read , pass , lend , leave (留给), hand (交给), tell , return , write , throw (仍)promise(答应)refuse(拒绝)等。 for的有:make , buy , do , get , play (演奏),order (命令),sing , pay (为…交钱) 例如: (1)I gave him a book. 改成:I gave a book to him. (2)He passed me the book. (他将书递给我) 改成:He passed the book to me. (3)He wrote me a letter. 改成:He wrote a letter to me. (4)He will buy me some books. 改成:He will buy some books for me. (5)She made me a cake. 改成:She made a cake to me. (四)宾语补足语: 在某些及物动词后面,需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分,称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式,分词等可用做宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。 如:They made her happy . (形容词) I saw her dance. (不定式) We’ll help make the Olympics a success. (名词) Please let him in . (副词) We heard her singing a song. (分词短语) (五)表语: 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、副词、介词,不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。它的位置在系动词后面。 如:I am a teacher . (名词) He is always happy. (形容词) They are on the playground now. (介词短语) It gets cold. (形容词) 系动词除了有am , is , are 还有get(变得),sound(听起来),seem(看起来)feel等特殊的词。 如:It sounds interesting. (sound为系动词,interesting为表语) (六)定语 定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 单词作定语时,通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。 如:The black bike is mine. (形容词) 这辆黑色的自行车是我的。 What’s your name ? (代词) They made paper flowers. (名词) 说明1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something 等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语 如:I tell him something interesting . 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 (形容词interesting作不定代词something的后置定语) He has something to do . 他有一些事情去做(to do 为不定式作后置定语) 说明2:短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。 如:The boys in the room are in Class Four. 这间屋子里的男孩子们是4班的。 in the room 是介词短语作the boys的后置定语。 (七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末,但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如:He did it carefully . (副词) We often help him. (副词) Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday . (介词短语) When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . (从句作时间状语)