定语从句和宾语从句的知识梳理

Question

同上题。要有用法，常用引导词和一些需要注意的如果说不清楚的，详谈

Answer 1

定语从句并联词有who, whom , which, that ,whose, when, where, why
定语从句：用来说明主句中某一个名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句。
被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
非限制性定语从句和主句关系十分密切，只对主句中的先行词作附加说明，如果去掉，主句仍然表达明确，完整的概念，它和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。宾语从句与其他名词性从句一样，也有三种类型：
　　1．由从属连词that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义，连词
　　that常可被省略。例如：Ihope(that)theywillhavefun.Marysaidthatshefeltsleepy.Can’tyousee(that)I’mabird?
　　注意：1）当主句的谓语动词是think,believe等时，宾语从句尽管要表示否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：Idon’tthinkhewillcome.我认为他不会来。
　　2）两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时，有时省去第一个从句的连词that，但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如：
　　Hetoldme(that)theycouldnotdecidewhattodoandthattheyaskedmyadvice.2.由从属连词if或
　　whether引导的宾语从句表示“是否（有，能，已经……）”等一般疑问句的含义。
　　例如：Iwonderwhether(if)heliveshere.
　　Theteacheraskedwhether(if)theyweregettingreadyfor
　　theEnglishEvening.如果要强调“究竟……还是不……”，常用连词whether引导宾语从句，后面再加ornot或直接在whether后加ornot。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。如：I’dbeinterestedtoknowwhetherhewillseethefilm
　　“HouseofFlyingDaggers”ornot.=I’dbeinterestedtoknowwhetherornothewillsee
　　thefilm“HouseofFlyingDaggers”.3.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,how,why等引导的宾语从句表示“谁，谁的，什么，哪（个，些），何时，何地，怎样，为什么”等等特殊疑问句的意义。除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外，宾语从句用陈述句语序。
　　例如：Tomaskedwhocouldgivethemessagetohermother.
　　Doyouknowwhathesaid
　　justnow?Iwonderedhowoldhisbrotherwas.宾语从句的时态呼应：1．当主句是现在时或将来时的时候，宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态。
　　2．主句是过去时，宾语从句一般只能用过去时的某种形式；当从句叙述的是客观事实或一般真理时，宾语从句仍然用现在时态。
　　3．情态动词must一般不用于过去时，但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中。
　　做宾语从句练习要记住“一连词，二语序，三时态”。

Answer 2

定语从句是中学英语学习的主要语法内容之一，也是高考英语的常考知识点。在历年的高考试题中，相对集中地考查了非限定性定语从句、关系代（副）词的用法、语义重复、主谓一致及“介词＋which（whom）”等有关定语从句的知识。下面以近十年来全国及上海高考题为例，谈谈定语从句的主要考点及其热点问题。
一、非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点，99年和2000年都有这类考题。
1．引导非限定性定语从句时，只能用 which（不用that）。例如（MET91）：
She heard the terrible noise ，____ brought her heart into her mouth．
A．it B．which C．this D．that
答案是B，which指代前面的先行词 noise，引导非限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。
2．有时引导词which可以指前面整个句子的含义。例如（NMET2000）：
Dorothy was always spe aking highly of her role in the play，____ ，of course ， made the others unhappy．
A．who B．which C．this D．what（Key：B）
3．除which外，还可用when，where ， who（m）等关系代、副词引导非限定性定语从句。例如：
Finally I decided to stay in Chong qing， where I finished my college study．
4．在限定性定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略，但引导非限定性定语从句的连词不能省。例如：
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother，whom he loved as his own mother．
5．置于句首时，非限定性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时as和which都可用。例如（上海高考题94）：
____ is known to all，China will be an ____ and powerful country in 20 or 30 years'time ．
A．That；advancing B．This ；advanced C．As；advanced D．It；advancing
答案是C。但是当非限定性定语从句是否定意义时，只能用which引导。例如（NM ET94）：
The weather turned out to be very good，was more than we could expect．
A．what B．which C．that D．if
答案是B，句中的more than的本意为“超过”，“超过了我的预料”即为“我没有预料到”。这里不能用as代替which。
二、先行词是表地点或时间的名词时，引导词的选择。例如（NMET96）：
After living in Paris for 50years he returned to the small town ____ he grew up as a child．
A．which B．where C．that D．when
答案是B，因为表地点的先行词the small town在从句中作状语；当表地点的先行词在从句中作主、宾、表语时，则要用that或which引导定语从句。例如：
①I visited the country which ／that had been bombed by the US-led NATO（美国为首的北约）a month before ．
②I shall never forget the years ____ I lived in the countryside with the farmers ，____ has a great effect on my life ．（上海高考题94）
A．that；which B．when；which C．which；that D．when；who（Ke y：B）
③I'll never forget the ye ars that ／which I spent with my cousin in Australia．
先行词the years在第②句中作时间状语，在第③句中作spe nt的宾语，此时引导词 that ／which可省略。
三、“介词＋关系代词（which ／whom）”引导的定语从句。例如（上海高考题95）：
In the office I neve r seem to have time until after 5：30 pm ____ ，many people have gone home ．
A．whose time B．that C．on which D．by which time
答案是D，by which time即by“after 5：30”“到五点三十分以后”。介词的选择，取决于这个介词与先行词或从句之间的关系。又如：
Lei Feng ，from whom we have once learned a lot，is now an example to the soldiers of West Point Military School（西点军校）of America．
关系代词前的介词from，与从句的谓语动词le arn构成习惯表达le arn from（向……学习）。
四、语义的重复。例如（上海高考题98）：
He made another wonderful discovery，____ of great importance to science ．
A．which I think is B．which I think it is C．which I think it D．I think is
答案是A。选项B重复了宾语it，因为关系代词which是think的逻辑宾语；此外，引导非限定性定语从句的连词不能省略，故选项D也不对。
五、“介词＋whom”引导的定语从句与 who ／whom引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时的区别。试比较：
It was a matter of ____ would take the position．（上海高考题96）
A．who B．whoever C．whom D．whomever
Kennedy and Johnson，both of were murde red in their terms，once coworked as president and vice -president．
A．who B．whoever C．whom D．whomever
答案分别为A和C。前者是宾语从句， who引导的整个宾语从句作介词of的宾语，同时who在从句中作主语，所以不能用 whom引导。后者是定语从句，whom作介词 of的宾语（所以不能用who引导），构成介、宾结构，作both的定语，而both才是定语从句的主语。
六、定语从句中的主谓一致问题。试比较：
The Oscar is the only one of the film prizes ____ offered to any Chinese actor or actress by far．
The Oscar is one of the film prizes ____ offered to any Chinese actor or actress by far．
A．which is on B．that have not been C．that has not D．that has not been
答案分别是D和B。前一例的先行词是 the only one，且指代它的引导词在从句中作主语，故从句的谓语动词必须用单数；又因先行词one被only修饰，所以只能用that引导。当one没有被the only或the very等修饰时，则介词of后面的the film prize s是先行词，从句中的谓语动词就必须用复数，而且引导词既可用that也可用which（第二例）。总之，当引导词在句子中作主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式应该与该主语保持一致。 宾语从句在剧中作及物动词或介词的宾语。引导宾语从句的连接词that, whether, if,代词who, whose, what, which, 副词when, where, how, why等。1． 作动词的宾语u 由that 引导的宾语从句（that通常可以省略）如：I heard that he joined the army. u 由what, whether, if 引导的宾语从句She didn’t know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.u 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句She told me that she would accept my invitation.2． 作介词的宾语Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3． 作形容词的宾语I’m afraid that I’ve made a mistake. that 引导的从句场跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, contend等4． It 作为形式宾语We heard it that she would get married next month. I think it necessary that we ask for our teacher’s advice on how to do this project. 5． 否定转移I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不合适你穿。6．在表示“命令、建议、请求”等动词，（suggest, recommend, insist, request等）后的宾语从句，要用虚拟语气，即should+ 动词原形。He suggested that we (should) make a decision as early as possible.