A. 不定式
1.不定式的时态、语态有三种形式:①一般式,如,to write / to be written ;②进行式,如,to be writing / to have been writing;③完成式,如,to have written / to have been written 。
2.基本用法
①不定式的一般式,表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时也发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。如:
He seems to know this.(=It seems that he knows this.)
I hope to see you again.(=I hope that I’ll see you again.)
He doesn’t like to be laughed at. (=He doesn’t like that he is being laughed at.)
②不定式的进行式,表示不定式的动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如:
When the mother went into the room, the boy pretended to be sleeping. (=… , the boy pretended that he was sleeping .)
I heard the English song being sung by him. (=I heard that the English song was being sung by him.)
③.不定式的完成式,表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (= I am sorry that I kept you waiting so long. )
Having been well written, the book was translated into many languages. (=Because it had been well written, …)
B. 分词
1.只有现在分词才有时态和语态形式的变化。现在分词的时态、语态有两种形式:①一般式,如,doing / being done;
②完成式,如,having done / having been done 。
2.基本用法
①现在分词的一般式,表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。如:
The boys and girls went to school, singing and dancing all along the way .
They all jumped with joy ,hearing the good news.
The girl could not help crying ,being criticized in the public.
②现在分词的完成式,表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已发生,常用作时间状语或原因状语。如:
Having done the work very well ,he was praised by the teacher.
Having been shot by a bullet, the man fell down dead.
C. 动名词
1.动名词的时态、语态有两种形式:①一般式,如,writing / being written ; ②完成式,如,having written / having been written 。
2.基本用法
①动名词的一般式不表示动作正在进行,但作具有状语性质的宾语时,动名词一般式表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如:
The teacher is busy collecting the students’ exam papers.
②动名词的完成式在作具有状语性质的宾语时,表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前已发生。如:
He was praised by the teacher for having done the work wonderfully.
He felt so sorry for not having been given the chance to work in the company.
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