第一段 :
On the other hand the “English style” park ,in which man’s intervention was supposed to remain invisible ,was intended to offer the purposefulness of nature ,while within,but separate from the actual park ,the houses constructed by Morris or Adam manifested the will of man, isolating clearly the presence of human reason in the midst of the irrational domains of freely growing vegetation.The Baroque interpenetration of man and nature was now replaced by a separation,thus establishing the distance between man and nature which was a prerequisite for nostalgic contemplation.Now…this contemplative separation arose as a compensatory or expiatory reaction against the growing attitude or practical men towards nature.While technical exploitation tended to wage war on nature ,houses and parks attempted a reconciliation,a local arminued to retain the image of untouched natural surroundings.
第二段:
Naturally such congested developments had inadequate standards of light , ventilation and open space and poor sanitary facilities,such as communal outside lavatories,wash-houses and refuse storage .With primitive drainage and inadequate maintenance,this pattern could lead to the piling up of excrement and garbage and to flooding,and these conditions naturally prvoked a high incidence of disease-first tuberculosis and then,more alarmingly for the authorities,a number of outbreaks of cholera in both England and Continental Europe in the 1830s and 1840s.
These spidemics had the effect of precipitaing health reform and of bringing about some of the earliest legislation governing the construction and maintenance of dense conurbations.In 1833 the London authorities instructed the Poor Law Commission headed by Edwin Chadwick, to make enquries about the origins of a cholera outbreak in Whitechapel
第三段
Thus ,if nature takes pleasure in the circle (and gives second preference to the square),it is toexpected that these forms should recur elsewhere within the fabric of a Utopian town; and Campanella ,for Campanella, for instance,describes,in his Citta del Sole, a church that is placed in center of the town and which “is perfectly round,free on all sides, but supported by massive and elegant columns,” a church in which “on the altar is nothing but two globes,of which the larger is a celestial, the smaller a terresrrial one, and in the dome are painted the stars of the sky.” But,again,the church which is thus specified had been long anticipated by architects,”We cannot doubt that the little temples we make ought to resemble this very great one,which by His immense goodness was perfectly completed with one word of His.” This is the opinion of Palladio ,and it was also his pactice;But Campanella’s church and Palladio’s advice are already previsioned by the central building in the Perspective of a Square(Figure3-3),variously attributed to Laurana,Francesco Di Giorgio,or Piero della Francesca and executed c. 1470.
注:渴望得到通顺的答案!而不是翻译工具翻译的!